The following is a detailed description of the cases in which password cracking technology needs to be developed. To crack high-complexity passwords, a password cracking method is required beyond a rule-based dictionary attack, and research into the development of such a technique is needed. As a strong password usage policy, major sites such as and enforce the use of a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and special characters in passwords. To improve on the weakness of these passwords, password strength estimation studies have been conducted to recommend the usage of strong passwords, and organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommend the use of strong passwords at the policy level. Using easy-to-remember passwords or known default passwords makes the device vulnerable to a security breach, as well as more sophisticated attacks involving IoT devices such as DDoS. The dependence on memory induces people to use passwords in easy-to-remember word patterns -for example, “iloveyou12”, and these are easily cracked by rule-governed dictionary-based password attacks. The fact that a password relies on a user’s ability to remember can also be a weakness. This characteristic makes passwords the most popular authentication method, including for IoT devices, and passwords are often used as the first authentication method in multi-factor authentication. Password authentication depends only on people’s ability to remember their passwords but does not need any additional equipment. Passwords are both easy to understand and use and easy to implement. The text-based password is a basic and fundamental authentication method, and it often plays a crucial role in system security. Among many security mechanisms, password-based authentication, especially text-based passwords, is a popular choice. Thus, proper security mechanisms for IoT devices are required to avoid the abuse of the devices. Such enhanced computing ability allows the devices to operate on a modern operating system (OS) such as Linux that contains various applications, including a file transfer protocol (FTP), which is susceptible to massive network-based attacks such as a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. Finally, we prove that our models enhanced password strength estimation through a comparison with zxcvbn.Īs the computing power of IoT devices such as drones and smartwatches have improved, they have been utilized not only for entertainment purposes but also in various fields, such as military services and delivery services. Through additional performance experiments with PCFG, we identified the cracking performance advantages of PassGAN and our models over PCFG. In the password cracking performance experiments, our models showed 10–15% better performance than PassGAN. We studied some methods of improving the performance of PassGAN, and developed two approaches for better password cracking: the first was changing the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based improved Wasserstein GAN (IWGAN) cost function to an RNN-based cost function the second was employing the dual-discriminator GAN structure. These advanced password cracking techniques contribute to the development of better password strength checkers. The Markov model and probabilistic context-free-grammar (PCFG) are representative research results, and PassGAN, which uses generative adversarial networks (GANs), was recently introduced. Research has been conducted to better exploit weak passwords to improve password-cracking performance. Finally, this weakness creates a security hole in networks by giving hackers access to an IoT device easily. This weakness enables free password cracking tools such as Hashcat and JtR to execute millions of cracking attempts per second. The default passwords of IoT also are text-based passwords and are easy to crack. ![]() However, these sample passwords are not difficult to crack. ![]() ![]() This reliance on memory is a weakness of passwords, and people therefore usually use easy-to-remember passwords, such as “iloveyou1234”. Password authentication can be simply implemented because it does not require any equipment, unlike biometric authentication, and it relies only on the users’ memory. Text-based passwords are a fundamental and popular means of authentication.
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